{"id":61,"date":"2023-08-02T16:29:12","date_gmt":"2023-08-02T15:29:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bobtimetech.net\/?page_id=61"},"modified":"2025-05-15T10:58:44","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T14:58:44","slug":"sql-psql-commands","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bobtimetech.net\/index.php\/my-account\/sql-psql-commands\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL \/ PSQL Commands"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-black-background-color has-background is-vertical is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b6c1f246 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background-color has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-25e843230a370d8b11c66a6e5c61a571\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><div 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data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cropped-One_Angel.png\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;BobTimeTech.net Logo. image of the Angel of Death standing victorious, symbolizing triumph and peace.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/bobtimetech.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/cropped-One_Angel.png\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-white-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\" id=\"aioseo-the-devil-is-in-the-details\" style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase\"><em>The Devil is in the details.<\/em><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-sql-psql-commands\">SQL \/ PSQL Commands<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-relational-database-basics\">Relational Database Basics<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-history-of-sql\">History of SQL<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-understanding-relational-databases\">Understanding Relational Databases<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-components-of-tables\">Components of Tables<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-relationships-in-databases\">Relationships in Databases<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-data-types-in-tables\">Data Types in Tables<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-primary-keys\">Primary Keys<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-foreign-keys\">Foreign Keys<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-relational-database-management-systems-rdbms\">Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-postgresql-overview\">PostgreSQL Overview<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-common-psql-commands\">Common PSQL Commands:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/bobtimetech.net\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\tSQL \/ PSQL Commands\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-gif alignright\">\n\t\t<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-gif-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:52%\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https:\/\/giphy.com\/embed\/vISmwpBJUNYzukTnVx\" title=\"SQL\"><\/iframe>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-sql-psql-commands\">SQL \/ PSQL Commands<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">SQL (Structured Query Language) <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><span class=\"highlight\">SQL<\/span><\/strong> is a domain-specific language used for managing and manipulating relational databases. It provides a standardized way to interact with databases, allowing users to perform tasks such as creating, modifying, querying, and deleting data in a database. SQL is used by a wide range of relational database management systems (RDBMS), including PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, and SQLite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"highlight\"><strong>PSQL<\/strong><\/span>, on the other hand, is not a command in itself, but rather it refers to the command-line utility for interacting with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">PostgreSQL<\/a> databases. PostgreSQL is a powerful open-source relational database management system that uses SQL as its query language. PSQL is a command-line tool that allows users to connect to a PostgreSQL database and execute SQL commands and queries directly from the terminal. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enterprisedb.com\/downloads\/postgres-postgresql-downloads\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">Download the lastest PostgreSQL version.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-relational-database-basics\">Relational Database Basics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>SQL, which stands for Structured Query Language, is the primary language used by relational database management systems (RDBMS) for accessing and manipulating data, as well as creating and managing databases and their objects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-history-of-sql\"><strong>History of SQL <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of relational databases was introduced by Dr. E.F. Codd in 1970 through his work &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/dmvaldman\/library\/blob\/master\/computer%20science\/Codd%20-%20A%20Relational%20Model%20of%20Data%20for%20Large%20Shared%20Data%20Banks.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks<\/a>.&#8221; Following this, IBM began developing a relational database system. Between 1979 and 1982, Oracle, Relational Technology, Inc., and IBM released commercial relational databases, all adopting SQL as their query language. In 1986, SQL was standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Despite the existence of this standard, different RDBMS implementations have their own extensions, but the core SQL remains largely the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-understanding-relational-databases\"><strong>Understanding Relational Databases<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A relational database organizes data into tables, which are composed of rows and columns. Each table has a unique name and can relate to other tables through shared values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-components-of-tables\"><strong>Components of Tables<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rows<\/strong>: Represent individual records within a table, also referred to as tuples.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Columns<\/strong>: Represent attributes or characteristics of the records, also known as fields.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-relationships-in-databases\"><strong>Relationships in Databases<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tables in a relational database can be linked through relationships, enabling data in one table to be connected to data in another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-data-types-in-tables\"><strong>Data Types in Tables<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Columns in a table have specific data types that determine the kind of data they can store. Common data types in PostgreSQL include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>boolean<\/strong> \u2013 stores true or false values.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>date<\/strong> \u2013 stores calendar dates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>integer<\/strong> \u2013 stores whole numbers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>text<\/strong> \u2013 stores strings of text.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>time<\/strong> \u2013 stores times of day.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>For more details, refer to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/docs\/current\/datatype.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">PostgreSQL Data Types documentation.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-primary-keys\"><strong>Primary Keys<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A primary key is a column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each record in a table. For example, a table of users might use a unique <code>id<\/code> column as its primary key.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-foreign-keys\"><strong>Foreign Keys<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A foreign key is a column that creates a link between two tables by referencing the primary key of another table. For instance, an <code>author_id<\/code> column in a books table might reference the <code>id<\/code> column in an authors table, thereby connecting books to their authors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-relational-database-management-systems-rdbms\"><strong>Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An RDBMS is software designed to create, manage, and manipulate relational databases. Although commonly referred to simply as databases, the term RDBMS more accurately describes this software. In this guide, PostgreSQL will be the RDBMS used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-postgresql-overview\"><strong>PostgreSQL Overview<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">PostgreSQL <\/a>is a robust, open-source RDBMS that adheres closely to the SQL standard while offering additional features.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are some common SQL and PSQL commands:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> SELECT: Used to retrieve data from one or more tables.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>    2. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INSERT<\/strong>: Used to insert new data into a table.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>    3. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>UPDATE<\/strong>: Used to modify existing data in a table.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>UPDATE table_name SET column1 = new_value WHERE condition;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>    4. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>DELETE<\/strong>: Used to delete data from a table.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>     5. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CREATE TABLE<\/strong>: Used to create a new table in the database.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE TABLE table_name (\n    column1 datatype,\n    column2 datatype,\n    \n);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>6. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ALTER TABLE<\/strong>: Used to modify an existing table structure.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:29px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-common-psql-commands\">Common PSQL Commands:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><span class=\"highlight\">\\l<\/span><\/strong>: List all databases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><span class=\"highlight\">\\c database_name<\/span><\/strong>: Connect to a specific database.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span class=\"highlight\"><strong>\\dt<\/strong>:<\/span> List all tables in the current database.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><span class=\"highlight\">\\d table_name<\/span><\/strong>: Show information about a specific table.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><span class=\"highlight\">\\du<\/span><\/strong>: List all database users.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><span class=\"highlight\">\\q<\/span><\/strong>: Quit the PSQL command-line interface.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><span class=\"highlight\">\\i filename.sql<\/span><\/strong>: Execute SQL commands from a file.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>SQL and PSQL are powerful tools for working with relational databases. They offer a wide range of commands that allow developers to manipulate and query data efficiently. While the specific commands may vary depending on the database management system being used, the core SQL language remains consistent across most relational database management systems (RDBMS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-9bc3155d-710a-450a-9f28-9d19987bd2d9\" href=\"https:\/\/bobtimetech.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SQL-Shell_PSQL_Commands.docx\"><span class=\"highlight\">SQL-Shell_PSQL_Commands<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bobtimetech.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/SQL-Shell_PSQL_Commands.docx\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-9bc3155d-710a-450a-9f28-9d19987bd2d9\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\t<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-gif alignleft\">\n\t\t<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-gif-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:25%\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https:\/\/giphy.com\/embed\/pPRrlurSP8lEc\" title=\"download\"><\/iframe>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\" data-attachment-id=\"1940\" 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